There are two prevalent theories as to why we have seasons. One says that the seasons are due to the elliptical shape of the earth's orbit around the sun making the earth closer to the sun sometimes and farther away from the sun at other times of the year. The second one says that the seasons are due to the tilt of the earth's axis. Assume both have merit as scientific theories and use abduction to decide which is the best of the two theories. Use Homework #6 as your guide for this question and use the Email Form to send an abduction "outline" for this assignment with initial observation, preliminary conditions (including a brief explanation of how each theory could explain the initial observation), data, evaluation chart, and result sections. An example of what should be sent is given below. The only extra thing in this question is that you might have to look up some data in a book or on the internet.
To simplify the abduction evaluation chart, notate your theories A1, A2, etc. and your data D1, D2, etc. and then use A1, A2, etc. across the top and D1, D2, etc. down the side in your abduction evaluation table. The formatting of such a table could be done by using spaces instead of creating tables. I will be viewing your submissions as plain text documents. I am not worried about how pretty it is. It is okay if everything doesn't exactly line up!
| A1 | A2 | A3 | |
| D1 | yes | yes | no |
| D2 | no | yes | no |
| D3 | yes | no | no |
| D4 | yes | yes | yes |
The Hummingbird abduction outline is a good specific example:
An initial observation is that hummingbirds drink.
There are two theories posed to explain how hummingbirds drink:A1: Capillary Action Theory. The water is drawn up small capillaries in the tongue due to the attraction of water molecules to each other.
A2: Micropump Theory. The theory says: "Instead, bird bills squash the tongue and its grooves flat. When the tongue tip touches nectar, the grooves spring open, pulling up a column of nectar as they expand."
Assume these theories have merit, satisfying at least half of the criteria for a scientific theory (it will be required to show this starting with the next set of examples). Also, each of the theories could explain the initial observation (as described above).
D1: Hummingbirds do this tongue dipping fast.
D2: Hummingbird tongues don't have muscles.
D3: Capillary suction is important in drawing nectar up the grooves.
D4: When tongue met nectar, the fluid moved fast — averaging nearly 1 meter per second as it rose up the tongue. Even under ideal conditions, a simple capillary rise would draw in nectar much slower, only about 36 centimeters per second, the new paper reports.
D5: A bird bumped one side of its tongue against a feeding tube and the tongue’s compressed groove opened prematurely before touching the nectar. In this instance, nectar did a typical capillary rise — but moved more slowly than nectar in the groove on the opposite side of the tongue that sprang open later.
D6: Mathematical models agreed with the micropump theory.
A1 A2 D1 no yes D2 yes no D3 yes yes D4 no yes D5 no yes D6 no yes
From this data (Capillary Action - 2, Micropump - 5), it would seem that hummingbirds drinking by using micropumps is the best theory!